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Dairy Development in Sub-Saharan Africa Tool Box for advisers and planners
 
 
Step C Are public investments required to make the smallholder dairy production system more effective?
  
Drinking water is often a limiting factor to milk production and often overlooked too. Interventions can include support to watershed development, water harvesting and storage; bore wells, power supply, wind energy, pumping and piping of water and, not least - rainwater collection from rooftops.
  
Planning and implementation of feeding according to production and reproduction status of the dairy cow is very important both for efficient utilization of available feed resources and the dairy animal potential for milk production.
 
 
Main interventions regarding feed and feeding
Interventions to increase fodder:
support to research and advisory services,
- promotion of methods for production,
- conservation and storage of roughage,
- dissemination of methods for enrichment and improvements of crop by-products, for pasture development and management, common land improvement like community owned and managed feedlots and fodder banks, agro-forestry and sylvo-pasture development,
- promotion of semi-zero or zero-grazing systems where relevant. Provision of seed and planting material.
  
Interventions to increase availability and quality of concentrate feed: 
- support to make industrial by products available for feeding (cotton seed decortications, brewers mesh, molasses and so on),
- support to establishment of feed factories producing ready made concentrate mixtures, and supplementary feed items like vitamins and minerals,
- support to feed milling and mixing, input procurement and supply of raw material included minerals and vitamins, 
- support/promote regulations and control measures related to composition and content, quality and purity for toxic matters in concentrate feeds. Regulations without independent laboratories equipped to carry out the required analysis, are not effective,
- securing access to land and water are also basic but critical requirements.
 
Tool C0
Definitions
(1) Characteristics of production systems. Table modified after Walshe 1991(TABLE 5.1 og 2.1)
Tool C6.2 = C7.2 = C8.2
Cost of the year round water supply for livestock
(1) Nissen-Petersen, Erik. Water from Dry Riverbeds. ASAL Consultants Ltd. For the Danish International Development Agency in Kenya, 2006
(2) Nissen-Petersen, Erik. Water from small dams (not published)
(3) Teyssier, André. Establishing and managing waterpoints for village livestock. 2004
Tool C6.3 = C7.3 = C8.3
Increased availability of locally produced feed
(1) New development in local fodder resources
(2) FAO. “Feeding the dairy cows in the tropics”. In: Animal production and health paper vol. 86, 1991. URL: http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/t0413e/T0413E00.htm
(3) Ørskov, E.R. Reality in development aid with emphasis on livestock. 1993, p. 69-74.
(4) Mupeta, B. et al. ” The effect of feeding a sunflower cake and a commercial dairy concentrate on the performance of crossbred, Jersey and Red Dane cows in Nharira-Lancashire smallholder dairy scheme In: Integrated Livestock/Crop Production Systems in the Smallholder Farming Systems in Zimbabwe. Harare 2000
Tool C6.5 = C7.5
Yields per cow
(1) Walshe et al. Dairy Development in Sub-Saharan Africa – a study of issues and option. 1991, p. 32
(2) Cunningham and Syrstad. “Crossbreeding Bos indicus and Bos Taurus for milk production in the tropics”. In: FAO Animal Production and Health Paper, vol. 68, 1988.
Tool C6.6 = C6.7
Best practice feeding regiment
(1) “The feeding of the dairy cow”. In: Zero grazing series, vol. 5. Ministry of Livestock Development, Nairobi, Kenya. 
(2) “Feeding the dairy cows in the tropics”. In: FAO Animal production and health paper, vol. 86, 1991. URL: http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/t0413e/T0413E00.htm
(3) Madsen et al. ”What are optimum rations for livestock?” In: Tanzania Society of Animal Production, vol. 31, 2004, page 51-59
(3) Francis and Sibanda. Participatory action research experience in smallholder dairy farming in Zimbabwe. 2004. URL: http://www.cipav.org.co/lrrd/lrrd13/3/fran133.htm
Tool C8.4
Land required per cow in pastoralist system
(1) Walshe, M. et al.”Dairy development in Sub-Saharan Africa” In:  World Bank Technical Paper, no 135, p. 19, 1991